null pointer

From Cppwiki

A null pointer is a pointer whose value is equal to the null pointer constant. A null pointer does not point to any object; attempting to dereference a null pointer is undefined behaviour. A null pointer will never compare equal to any pointer-to-object; it can be tested for by comparison with 0:

if (p == 0) {
  /* p is a null pointer */
  ...

Null pointer constant

A null pointer constant is any integral expression which evaluates to 0. Examples of null pointer constants are 0 and 0L. (void *)0 is not a null pointer constant, because it does not have integral type.

NULL

The NULL macro (defined in <cstdlib> and several other headers) expands to an implementation-defined null pointer constant. In C89, NULL was (void *)0; in C++, this is forbidden.

__null

__null is a GCC-specific keyword which evaluates to an integral 0 constant. __null is the usual expansion of NULL on gcc. __null behaves identically to 0, except that when used in a variadic parameter list, its type is the same width as void*. This prevents problems with null-terminated variadic functions like execl(); on a platform where sizeof(int) < sizeof(void *), terminating the list with NULL (i.e. 0) may cause a shorter value to be pushed onto the stack than the function expects, and it will not be treated as the end of the argument list (probably crashing the program).